HOW DOES SOLUTION OF A CIGARETTE IN WATER AFFECT THE GROWTH OF BACTERIAS?
Objective
To find out how
the solution of substances found in cigarettes and water affects the growth and
mortality of bacteria. To investigate the amount of certain substances found in
a cigarette.
Background
information
Introduction:
For our experiment we are going to make a solution with the substances
found in a cigarette and water, and then we are going to grow a culture of
bacteria with this solution and prove its lethality. We have chosen this
experiment because we think that it is interesting due to its effect on our
organism’s’ cells.
With this experiment we want to aware people of the inconvenients of smoking by looking at it reactions with bacteria. We have choosen 5 of the substances found in the cigarette to watch the conclusion once we disolved it on water.
The consumption of tobacco kills more than five million people a year and is responsible for the death of 1 in 10 adults. Among the five major risk factors of mortality, is the most preventable cause of death. 11 % of deaths are attributable to the consumption of it . Over 70 % of deaths from lung , bronchus and trachea cancer are attributable to the consumption of tobacco. If current trends continue , consumption of snuff will kill more than 8 million people per year by 2030. Most of them prematurely from a disease related to tobacco. It also kills people at the height of their productive lives , depriving families of their livelihood and nations a healthy workforce . In addition, consumers of snuff are less productive during his life due to their greater vulnerability to disease.
With this experiment we want to aware people of the inconvenients of smoking by looking at it reactions with bacteria. We have choosen 5 of the substances found in the cigarette to watch the conclusion once we disolved it on water.
The consumption of tobacco kills more than five million people a year and is responsible for the death of 1 in 10 adults. Among the five major risk factors of mortality, is the most preventable cause of death. 11 % of deaths are attributable to the consumption of it . Over 70 % of deaths from lung , bronchus and trachea cancer are attributable to the consumption of tobacco. If current trends continue , consumption of snuff will kill more than 8 million people per year by 2030. Most of them prematurely from a disease related to tobacco. It also kills people at the height of their productive lives , depriving families of their livelihood and nations a healthy workforce . In addition, consumers of snuff are less productive during his life due to their greater vulnerability to disease.
- What substances are found in a cigarette?
A cigarette is a small thin cylinder (about
8cm long and about 8mm thick) made with chopped and snuff wrapped
in a special fine paper that is smoked by burning at one end. It contains the
following substances:
These are the main compounds of a cigarette:
- Ammonia: It
is used to crystallize the nicotine. Furthermore, accelerates the dispersion of
the crystallized nicotine, altering its chemical composition to be more readily
absorbed by the body.
- Arsenic: Highly
damaging component: pure poison rat poison content.
- Hexamine: A white, crystalline, water-soluble powder, used as a vulcanization
accelerator, an absorbent in gas masks, in the manufacture of the explosive RDX
and synthetic resins, and in medicine as a diuretic and urinary antiseptic.
- Acetic acid: Hair dye and
developer.
- Butane: Colourless,
odourless, but highly flammable. Domestic fuel.
- Fish metals:
·
Mercury: It is a bright and dense metal
liquid at ordinary temperatures, silvery white.
·
Lead: Is a solid blue-gray colour metal, soft, malleable, ductile, high density
and poor conductor of electricity.
·
Cadmium: Is a metal from the group of transition elements, silver-white,
malleable, like tin, highly toxic.
- Methanol: Colourless and highly toxic,
obtained by distillation of wood at low temperatures or by the reaction of
carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
- Carbon monoxide: Carbon monoxide also known as
carbon oxide, carbonaceous and carbonaceous dioxide gas with the chemical
formula CO, is an odourless, colourless, flammable and highly toxic gas.
- Nicotine: Is an organic compound mainly found snuff plant (Nicotiana tabacum ) , with
high concentrations in the leaves. Nicotine is one of the most addictive
drugs in the world. Currently most of the
cigarettes in the world market contain 1 to 2 milligrams or more of nicotine.
As you inhale the smoke , the smoker ingested 0.8 mg of nicotine per
cigarrillo.las sales and consumption of smokeless snuff have increased.
- Toluene: It is used in the manufacture of paints, paint
thinners, fingernail polish, lacquers, adhesives ... causing vapors are
narcotic and irritant effects. If inhaled in large amount can reach provoke
death in the worst case.
-Paint.
(American Lung Association, 2014)
These are another substances that the cigarette
contains:
- Aniline: It may be toxic if swallowed, inhaled or comes in to
contact with skin. It damages the haemoglobin, which is responsible for
transporting oxygen in the blood.
- Benzopyrene: Carcinogenic
substance that aids in the combustion process (the cigarette does not get
shut down).
- Cyanide:
very toxic (even lethal) organic compound
- DDT: Insecticide.
- Diethylnitrosamine: Cause of liver damage.
- Phenol: Phenol is a
manufactured substance. In pure form, the phenol is a white-colourless solid.
The commercial product is a liquid.
- Formol: Strong-smelling liquid with disinfectant properties, it is used in the
preservation of dead organic bodies to prevent decomposition.
- Naphtalene: Solid, white, crystalline hydrocarbon
characteristic odour, obtained from the distillation of coal tar; used in the
manufacture of synthetic resins, celluloid and insecticides.
- Nickel: It is stored in the liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, bones and teeth. It can
cause gangrene of the feet and damage to the myocardium.
- Nitrosamine: Are organic
compounds which usually arise due to the reaction of a secondary amine with a
nitrite in acid medium. They can can cause
cancer in a wide variety of animal species, a feature that suggests that may
also be carcinogenic to humans.
- Pyridine: It
acts as a central nervous system depressant. It operates as nicotine in order
to enhance the addictive effects of smoking.
- Polonium-210: Extremely
radioactive element.
(Cancerresearchuk.org, 2014)
Bacteria:
We are going to
perform a bacteria culture to demonstrate the lethally of some of the
previous substances.
Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic organisms, they lack a nucleus. They
have very short life spans varying between minutes and days. Bacteria are the
oldest living beings on Earth and they can be found everywhere even on the air
we breathe.
Bacteria have a very fast reproduction process and that’s the reason of its
short life span. They reproduce asexually by binary fission. (Microinmuno.qb.fcen.uba.ar,
2014)
The necessary conditions for a suitable culture of bacteria are:
temperature, amount of humidity, pressure, light, gas presence, the sterility
of the means and acidity. It has to contain the necessary nutrients, growth
factors and be extent of pollutant microorganisms.
- What is a solution?
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances. The solutions are formed by the solute and the solvent (usually a
lesser amount solute solvent).
Solution = solute + solvent
·
Solute: A
substance that is dissolved in another.
·
Solvent: A
substance or liquid capable of dissolving a body or other substance (the
solute).
Example: A sugar cube in a glass of water. Sugar would solute and solvent
water. (Chem.purdue.edu, 2014)
- Electronic stirrer: A glass stirring rod is an instrument used in
chemical laboratories, involving the UN thin solid cylinder paragraph Glass
serving stir solutions, with the aim of Mixing Chemicals and liquid materials
in the laboratory. An agitator having a plate or surface that oscillates
horizontally, driven by an electric motor. The liquids to be agitated are
contained in vessels or tubes which are placed on the vibrating surface. (Heidolph-instruments.com,
2014)
- Solubility of compounds:
Solubility (g/100g)
Temperature: 20-25º
Table: Solubility in water at 20-25º
Compound
|
Solubility (g/100g)
|
Ammonia
(NH3)
|
89,9
|
Stearic
acid (C18H36O2)
|
0,034
|
Hexamine
(C6H12N4)
|
85,3
|
Acetic
acid (C2H4O2)
|
0,7
|
Butane (C4H10)
|
6,1
|
Aniline (C6H5NH2)
|
3,6
|
Methane
(CH4)
|
3,3
|
Methanol
(CH4O)
|
Miscible*
|
Carbon
monoxide (CO)
|
27,6
|
Nicotine
(C10H14N2 )
|
Miscible*
|
Toluene (C6H5CH3)
|
8,1
|
(Chemicalbook.com,
2014) (Castells
i Guardiola, 1981)
*This means that they are soluble in all
proportions.
Other substances as Arsenic, Cadmium or Benzopyrene
are not soluble in water.
References
American
Lung Association,. (2014). What's in a Cigarette? - American Lung
Association. Retrieved 3 December 2014, from
http://www.lung.org/stop-smoking/about-smoking/facts-figures/whats-in-a-cigarette.html
Cancerresearchuk.org,.
(2014). Smoking
and cancer: What's in a cigarette? : Cancer Research UK. Retrieved 5
October 2014, from http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/healthyliving/smoking-and-cancer/whats-in-a-cigarette/smoking-and-cancer-whats-in-a-cigarette
Castells i Guardiola, J. (1981). Química
general. Madrid: Alhambra.
Chem.purdue.edu,.
(2014). What
Is a Solution?. Retrieved 26 October 2014, from
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/solutions/whatis.html
Chemicalbook.com,.
(2014). ChemicalBook---Chemical
Search Engine. Retrieved 6 November 2014, from http://www.chemicalbook.com
Heidolph-instruments.com,.
(2014). Home.
Retrieved 29 October 2014, from
http://www.heidolph-instruments.com/products/overhead-stirrers/electronic-stirrers/
Microinmuno.qb.fcen.uba.ar,.
(2014). Los
medios de cultivo en microbiología. Retrieved 5 October 2014, from
http://www.microinmuno.qb.fcen.uba.ar/SeminarioMedios.htm
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